Robert E. Lee on Liberty, Tyranny and Freedom:
A Proclamation to the Citizens of Maryland:
"It is right that you should know the purpose that brought the army under
my command within the limits of your State, so far as that purpose concerns
yourselves. The people of the Confederate States have long watched with
the deepest sympathy the wrongs and outrages that have been inflicted upon the
citizens of a commonwealth allied to the States of the South by the strongest
social, political and commercial ties.
They have seen with profound
indignation their sister State deprived of every right and reduced to the
condition of a conquered province. Under the pretence of supporting the
Constitution, but in violation of its most valuable provisions, your citizens
have been arrested and imprisoned upon no charge and contrary to all forms of
law.
The faithful and manly protest against this outrage made by the
venerable and illustrious Marylander, to whom in better days no citizen appealed
for right in vain, was treated with scorn and contempt; the government of your
chief city has been usurped by armed strangers; your legislature has been
dissolved by the unlawful arrest of its members; freedom of the press and of
speech has been suppressed; words have been declared offences by an arbitrary
decree of the Federal Executive, and citizens ordered to be tried by a military
commission for what they may dare to speak.
Believing that the people of
Maryland possessed a spirit too lofty to submit to such a government, the people
of the South have long wished to aid you in throwing off this foreign yoke, to
enable you again to enjoy the inalienable rights of freemen, and to restore
independence and sovereignty to your State. In obedience to this wish, our
army has come among you, and is prepared to assist you with the power of its
arms in regaining the rights of which you have been despoiled.
"This, citizens of Maryland, is our mission, so far as you are
concerned. No constraint upon your free will is intended; no intimidation
will be allowed within the limits of this army, at least. Marylanders
shall once more enjoy their ancient freedom of thought and speech. We know
no enemies among you, and will protect all, of every opinion.
It is for
you to decide your destiny freely and without constraint. This army will
respect your choice, whatever it may be; and while the Southern people will
rejoice to welcome you to your natural position among them, they will only
welcome you when you come of your own free will.”
R. E. Lee,
General, Commanding
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By April 1863, America’s Civil War was two years old and there were
two more years of fighting ahead though, of course, none could know
this. What everyone did know was that the war was violent and bloody
beyond what anyone had expected or would have believed the nation (or
two nations) could endure. Neither side was at the point of exhaustion
or surrender. The war would certainly go on until . . . what?
Nobody
quite knew, though an insight of President Abraham Lincoln’s pointed to
the brutal truth. His Army of the Potomac, under the command of General
Ambrose Burnside, had been defeated at Fredericksburg by Robert E.
Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in December 1862. It had been a
one-sided affair, with Union soldiers making repeated assaults up a hill
against Confederate infantry whose position afforded the protection of a
stone wall with artillery behind in support. No Union soldier even
reached the wall. The Army of the Potomac suffered more than 12,000
casualties. Lee’s casualties were slightly more than 5,000. It was the
most lopsided defeat so far, for an army that had seldom experienced
victory. And yet . . .
The Army of the Potomac still existed, was still holding its
positions in Virginia, and its losses were being made good. Which could
not be said for Lee’s army.
So, Lincoln noted, the “arithmetic” of slaughter worked in the
Union’s favor. His army could survive a week of Fredericksburgs and the
Confederacy could not. Victory would come when he found a general who
understood this.
