In a
report to Lincoln’s Secretary of War Stanton in late January 1863,
Assistant Secretary of War Charles A. Dana wrote: “The mania for sudden
fortunes made in cotton, raging is a vast population of Jews and Yankees
scattered throughout this whole country, and in this town [Memphis],
almost exceeding the . . . regular residents, has to an alarming extent
corrupted and demoralized the army. Every colonel, captain or
quartermaster is in secret partnership with some operator in cotton;
every soldier dreams of adding a bale to his monthly pay. I had no
conception of the extent of this evil until I came and saw for myself.”
Bernhard Thuersam, Chairman
North Carolina War Between the States Sesquicentennial Commission
"The Official Website of the North Carolina WBTS Sesquicentennial"
Occupied Memphis Benefits the Confederacy:
“Memphis
has been of more value to the Southern Confederacy since it fell into
Federal hands than Nassau,” declared General Cadwallader C. Washburn on
May 10, 1864. This statement is so paradoxical as to surprise the
general reader of Civil War history, and the conditions which prompted
it are worthy of more detailed study.
At
the beginning of the war the Union government, in deference to the
position in which the States of the upper Mississippi Valley found
themselves, took no steps to interrupt trade with the Confederacy.
Immediate severance of ante-bellum trade connections between that
section and the Lower South, it was feared, might result in the
secession of the border States.
The
Confederacy, likewise, was cognizant of the importance of the
commercial ties with the upper valley, and sought to safeguard and
strengthen them by exempting from duty practically everything produced
in that section.
The
great demand for cotton in the North and the liberal trade policy of
the Confederacy resulted in large shipments of the staple up the
Mississippi and thence to eastern manufacturing centers. While that
specie and military supplies which could be secured in exchange were
badly needed in the South, Confederate leaders soon realized that to
permit cotton to fall into the hands of the Union was to furnish the
very means for waging successful war on the South.
At
the beginning of the war, Memphis was one of the most important trade
centers of the Confederacy. [The] Confederate defeat at Shiloh on April
7, 1862 left west Tennessee open to attack . . . Memphis fell into
Federal hands on June 6, 1862 [and] from that date until the close of
the war the city was under military rule. In expectation of an early
capture of the city, “a fleet of [Northern] trading boats were anchored
behind the ironclad flotilla weeks before the fall of Memphis.”
Down
the river from Cincinnati and other Midwestern cities came flour,
coffee, meat, and salt in large quantities. The loyalty of the newcomers
was a foregone conclusion, and old merchants who desired to reopen
their stores might take the oath or buy one from corrupt Treasury
officials at prices ranging from $500 downward. Many undoubtedly took
the oath with the sole purpose of violating it by becoming mediums
through which essential supplies could be transferred to the Confederate
forces.
Sherman
took command of the city on July 21, 1862. [Though travel was] limited
to five designated roads and to daylight hours . . . A well-placed bribe
could cause almost any [Northern] guard to be unsuspecting when carts
loaded with contraband rumbled past the point of inspection. “Both
civilians and a few military officers were equally devoted to patriotism
and commerce.”
Obliging
speculators poured [gold] specie into the city in large amounts and
equally obliging “go-betweens” passed it on into the hands of the
Confederates who used it for the purchase of war supplies in northern
cities and abroad. A Negro woman was caught with a five-gallon demijohn
of brandy beneath a loose-fitting calico dress and suspected from a
girdle at the waist. On at least one occasion the hearse of a funeral
procession bore a coffin filled with medicine for General Earl Van
Dorn’s army.
Bribery
and negligence explained why the large body of [Northern] troops
stationed in Memphis were unable [to] effectively . . . patrol the roads
leading out of the city. [After the] fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson
early in July, 1863 . . . A flood of goods immediately began to pour
into Memphis and just as promptly large quantities poured out of the
city into the waiting arms of Confederates and guerrillas.”
(A
Confederate Trade Center Under Federal Occupation: Memphis, 1862 to
1865, Joseph H. Parks, Journal of Southern History, Volume VII, Number
3, August, 1941, pp. 289-295; 299; 303)